Sunday, February 3, 2013

France on track to meet 0.8 percent growth target: minister

PARIS (Reuters) - French Finance Minister Pierre Moscovici on Sunday said the government believed it could reach its 2013 economic growth target of 0.8 percent.

Moscovici told France 2 television that he is maintaining the target ahead of the publication of the European Commission's euro-zone economy forecasts, expected on February 22.

"We will have discussions," Moscovici said. "If we will need to adapt, we will adapt. But I am confident about the French economy."

Moscovici also said that although the euro has stabilised, it may have become too strong.

stabilized "The euro is stable, it is strong, perhaps too strong in some respects," he said.

The euro has been rising against the currencies of major trading partners, driven partly by relief that the euro project seems less fragile, but has prompted concerns about exports from euro-zone countries.

Moscovici said the government would disclose "within two to three weeks" a redrafted version of its proposal to tax the wealthy, which he said it would be imposed on households rather than individuals.

In a setback to the government's push to make the rich contribute more to cutting the public deficit, France's Constitutional Council in December rejected a plan to hit incomes over 1 million euros ($1.3 million) with a 75 percent tax rate.

The council said the tax was unfair as it would hit married couples where only one partner earned above a million euros but would not affect couples where each earned just under a million.

(Reporting by Elena Berton and Sophie Louet; editing by Erica Billingham and Keiron Henderson)

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/france-track-meet-0-8-percent-growth-target-134447789--business.html

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Leftist militants claim US Embassy attack

ANKARA, Turkey (AP) ? A leftist militant group in Turkey has claimed responsibility for the suicide attack on the U.S. Embassy in Ankara.

The outlawed Revolutionary People's Liberation Party-Front, or DHKP-C, did so Saturday in a statement posted on a website linked to the group.

It said the suicide bomber, Ecevit Sanli, carried out the act of "self-sacrifice" on behalf of the group.

A government terror expert confirmed the authenticity of the Revolution Liberation website that is linked to the DHKP-C. He spoke on condition of anonymity in line with rules that bar civil servants from speaking to reporters without prior authorization.

Friday's attack on the U.S. Embassy in Ankara killed the bomber and a Turkish security guard and seriously wounded a Turkish television journalist.

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/leftist-militants-claim-us-embassy-attack-174426533.html

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Tracking the evolution of antibiotic resistance

Feb. 1, 2013 ? With the discovery of antibiotics, medicine acquired power on a scale never before possible to protect health, save lives, and reduce suffering caused by certain bacteria. But the power of antibiotics is now under siege because some virulent infections no longer respond to antibiotic drugs.

This antibiotic resistance is an urgent public health threat that a team of researchers from Sabanci University in Istanbul, Turkey, and Harvard Medical School and Harvard University in Cambridge, Mass., aim to stop. Their approach is based on an automated device they created that yields a new understanding of how antibiotic resistance evolves at the genetic level. The team will present its work at the 57th Annual Meeting of the Biophysical Society (BPS), held Feb. 2-6, 2013, in Philadelphia, Pa.

Called the "morbidostat," the device grows bacteria in various concentrations of antibiotic. This enabled researchers to identify the concentrations at which the antibiotics stopped working and the bacteria became resistant to therapy. Next, they targeted key genes involved in creating the drug-resistant states. Their approach documented real-time changes in genes that gave bacteria an advantage in evolving to "outwit" antibiotics.

Knowledge at the gene level can be applied to the molecular design of the next generation of bacteria-killing antibiotics.

"Morbidostat is designed to evolve bacteria in conditions comparable with clinical settings," explains Erdal Toprak of Sabanci University. "Combined with next generation genome sequencing technologies, it is possible to follow the evolution of resistance in real time and identify resistance-conferring genetic changes that accumulate in the bacterial genome."

Data show an unusual survival profile of the common bacteria they used, Escherichia coli. "We identified striking features in the evolution of resistance to the antibiotic trimethoprim," Toprak says. It was these unusual features that helped them isolate the gene involved in conferring antibiotic resistance through multiple mutations.

The team's next steps will involve determining how this genetic information might one day be applied to drug design to develop new antibiotic therapies.

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Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/health_medicine/genes/~3/aCTG1TV3cl8/130201095949.htm

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Q & A with Darren Rovell, Sports Business Reporter at ESPN | The ...

I met Darren Rovell at the Super Bowl in 2005. He was at ESPN at the time, and wrote about the Super Bowl parties. As a media observer, I tracked his career to CNBC and last summer, back to ESPN. Rovell is very active on twitter (the Journal mentioned Kobe follows him) and the best word to describe his feed is polarizing. I decided to check in on him six months into his 2nd ESPN tenure, and ask him about life at the Worldwide Leader. He?s not at the Super Bowl this week, as he?s hanging out with Clydesdales. We swapped emails this week.

Q: You left CNBC for ESPN a little over six months ago. How would you characterize your return to ESPN so far? In your current role, what?s different from when you were there last?

Rovell: It has been a great start. I?m thrilled to be back. I?ve done extensive work on Outside the Lines, have my own feature on SportsCenter (?Money Talk? on Tuesday nights), have done extensive work for ESPN.com and have already written more pieces for the Magazine than I did in my previous six-year stint from 2000-2006. Having so many outlets means the opportunities are endless. What?s different? I?d say the resources to make reporters better at what they do are better. The research department is robust. The news editors on both the TV side and the .com are tremendous in keeping us updated with what is going on in the sports world by the hour. On the outside, I think there?s more talk about how ESPN works than ever before, including the intense scrutiny from media sites like yours. There?s much more interest in media reporting than there was when I left in 2006.

Q: How much do you miss having a TV show? The time slot and the ratings weren?t good, but what do you think are the chances you?ll get a sports business show at ESPN?

Rovell: I do miss having a TV show. Friday night, which is what I had for about 90 percent of the shows, was not ideal. There was a lot of press about the initial ratings on those Friday nights. I was proud of the content and thought that the cumulative ratings reflected that there was an audience for it. NBC was tremendous. There wasn?t a single conversation about ratings. Not once. Before I left, I gave them 48 shows and brought on the biggest names in sports business. I do think there is room for a sports business show as the niche has grown and fans can?t be fans any more without knowing the business. As of now, I?m happy about having a weekly feature on SportsCenter that reminds our viewers how big this business truly is. If ESPN believes there could be an audience for a standalone show, I?m ready to go.

Q: What?s the biggest conflict you?ve come across when it comes to covering the business of sports since your return to ESPN? Given how ESPN has spread its tentacles across so many sports, I imagine occasionally, there are some issues.

Rovell: There honestly have been none. I know that?s hard to believe since there seems to be an a lot of dialogue that reporters are working together with executives based on the content we own, but that?s just not true. Wasn?t true when I was here last and isn?t true now. I have had conversations with executives regarding TV deals but I called them in the same way I called them when I was at CNBC. I don?t cover or critique sports media itself besides rights fees so I think that frees up some conflicts.

Q: One word to describe your twitter feed is polarizing. Do you think the tone/style of your feed has changed since you went back to ESPN? I don?t see every tweet you send, but the majority seem to be quirky sports-related images from fans, and I don?t recall that totally being the case at CNBC. Is that accurate? If so, why the change?

Rovell: I think a lot of people want to say that I?ve changed since I?ve come to ESPN. I don?t think I?m much different at all. I still report the business of sports and weave in what is going on in the business from fans. I think I do more of that because frankly my followers are sending me better content. For those that follow me, they know what I?m looking for, and they?ve done a great job sending me things that I can?t possibly see. Anyone who follows me knows that I love being the conduit. I love passing on something that someone has seen and I think I?ve proven that there?s great value in that.

Q: What?s your blocking policy on twitter? When people have been blocked by you, they seem to boast about it. Why do you think that is?

Rovell: Up until about two months ago, I blocked no one. I didn?t want to give someone the gratification in knowing that they got to me enough for me to click that button. But then I had a conversation with a friend at the New York Times and he kind of convinced me that the people who are serial trolls should be blocked. I took his advice and started blocking people. To answer your second question, you?d have to ask them. It does seen like when I say something perceived as bold, those same 50 people tip it within the first 20 minutes. It?s part of the game. i can handle it.

Q: We?ve all sent out tweets we regret and later delete. Yours would be ? I imagine the Playboy party one, right?

Rovell: Can?t really point out one that stands out. I think the lesson here is that what you sometimes think is a valid point is not. Or that Twitter is the wrong forum to bring up a topic because it?s much more complicated than that. The good thing about Twitter is that you know right away whether something really missed.

Q: I?m probably in a small minority, but I do like the ?empty stadium series,? regardless of sport. We?re going to be seeing more empty arenas/stadiums in the coming years as the viewing experience from home is significantly better. Yet people seem to get angry and defensive when it is their team or sport and you pass along a photo. Can you recall some of the nastiest responses you?ve gotten to those?

Rovell: Never seen a response like the Sacramento response I got when I tweeted out an empty Suns at Kings game last week. That was predictable given that the city is on edge because they might lose the team. Many of the fans said that my picture was misleading ? which is always the line ? but at the end of the day, the announced attendance was less than 13,000 for what some will consider the biggest draw in the west now in the Thunder. Fans also said I didn?t know what I?m talking about despite the fact that I?ve covered more relocations and arena and stadium deals on a national level than probably anyone out there. They come back and say this is different. Well, they actually all follow the same basic pattern. You can argue that what I tweeted hit a nerve, but it?s pretty hard to argue that I don?t know what I?m talking about.

Q: Which sport do you think will have contraction first: MLB or NBA? Or have the (relatively) recent lockouts improved each sport so that there?s no need for contraction? Obviously the city that loses a team will lose a lot of jobs, but for the health of each sport, couldn?t contraction help to improve the product?

Rovell: I think it?s very hard to contract teams. We saw that with the Twins and Expos. The fight with the players union on killing jobs. I think there are enough suckers out there and teams are still scarce enough that I really don?t think contraction is going to happen anywhere anytime soon ? certainly not in those two leagues.

Q: Back to twitter. Sometimes, I?ll follow someone who provides good links or witty banter, even though they over-tweet (hell, I over-tweet). But recently, someone was so excited you followed them and sent them a message about getting a ?24-hour trial period,? that they tweeted out the image and it made the rounds. Do you do this regularly? What has the reaction been? Do you really find it necessary to let people know that?

Rovell: For the people I?m intrigued with but don?t necessarily see anything in their timeline that is appealing, I do give these trial runs. Most of the time it doesn?t work out, but it?s often kids who are trying to make it in the business and it?s nice to tell them ?I?ll give you a try, impress me and I?ll keep you on.? There are some under the radar people that I have found on Twitter that are just tremendous.

Q: Last twitter question: You often seem to get involved in back-and-forth exchanges with sports media types. I?d say this happens with you more than any other sports media person I follow. Is this people swinging up at you, trying to gain followers? Or are you tweeting things that open you up for criticism?

Rovell: I do engage frequently, though I?ve actually toned that down a bit because I frankly don?t think my followers care about this petty stuff. I?ve learned to step away from Twitter more often, but if someone in the media is coming hard at me, it?s harder to resist.

Quick hitters:
Favorite sport growing up: Baseball
Favorite sport now: College Football
Being a Dad has changed you how: Made me realize that my family is really the only thing that matters.
The next time Northwestern will be in a Rose Bowl is ?: Next season. Die hard fan can?t believe anything less.
Rank, in your opinion ? no need to quantify ? the 5 most popular sports in America: NFL, College Football, NBA, MLB, NASCAR.

Source: http://www.thebiglead.com/index.php/2013/02/01/q-a-with-darren-rovell-sports-business-reporter-at-espn/

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Syrian opposition leader to meet Iran's foreign minister

MUNICH (Reuters) - Syrian opposition leader Moaz Alkhatib said on Saturday he would meet Iranian Foreign Minister Ali Akbar Salehi in Germany this weekend to discuss finding a solution to the Syrian crisis.

"I confirm that I will be meeting the Iranian foreign minister to discuss finding a way to remove the regime with the least possible bloodshed and loss of life. I had already met (Russian Foreign Minister) Sergei Lavrov and (U.S. Vice-President) Joe Biden for this purpose," he told Reuters.

Alkhatib, Salehi, Lavrov and Biden are all attending a security conference in Munich.

(Reporting by Khaled Yacoub Oweis; Writing by Adrian Croft)

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/syrian-opposition-leader-meet-iran-foreign-minister-diplomatic-162525558.html

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Saturday, February 2, 2013

Turkey: US Embassy bomber had terror conviction

An embassy security guard asks for help at the US embassy just minutes after a suicide bomber has detonated an explosive device at the entrance of the U.S. Embassy in the Turkish capital, Ankara, Turkey, Friday, Feb. 1, 2013, At least two people are dead, officials said. An Associated Press journalist on Friday saw a body in the street in front of an embassy side entrance. (AP Photo/Yavuz Ozden, Milliyet) TURKEY OUT - INTERNET OUT

An embassy security guard asks for help at the US embassy just minutes after a suicide bomber has detonated an explosive device at the entrance of the U.S. Embassy in the Turkish capital, Ankara, Turkey, Friday, Feb. 1, 2013, At least two people are dead, officials said. An Associated Press journalist on Friday saw a body in the street in front of an embassy side entrance. (AP Photo/Yavuz Ozden, Milliyet) TURKEY OUT - INTERNET OUT

Satellite map locates Ankara, Turkey site of a U.S. embassy explosion.

Medics and firefighters carry an injured woman on a stretcher to an ambulances after a suicide bomber had detonated an explosive device at the entrance of the U.S. Embassy in the Turkish capital, Ankara, Turkey, Friday, Feb. 1, 2013. A suspected suicide bomber detonated an explosive device at the entrance of the U.S. Embassy in the Turkish capital on Friday, killing himself and one other person, officials said. (AP Photo/Burhan Ozbilici)

FILE - In this April 14, 2012 file photo, Didem Tuncay, then a diplomatic reporter for Turkish news channel NTV, interviews Iran's Chief nuclear negotiator Saeed Jalili in Istanbul, Turkey. Tuncay, a respected television journalist, 38, was injured after a suicide bomber detonated an explosive device at the entrance of the U.S. Embassy in the Turkish capital, Ankara, Turkey, Friday, Feb. 1, 2013, A hospital official said she was " not in a critical conditoion." (AP Photo/Burhan Ozbilici, File)

Emergency personnel are seen in front of a side entrance of the U.S. Embassy in the Turkish capital, Ankara, after a suspected suicide bomber detonated an explosive device, Friday Feb. 1, 2013. The bomb appeared to have exploded inside the security checkpoint at the entrance of the visa section of the embassy. A police official said at least two people are dead. (AP Photo/Burhan Ozbilici)

(AP) ? The suicide bomber who struck the U.S. Embassy in Ankara spent several years in prison on terrorism charges but was released on probation after being diagnosed with a hunger strike-related brain disorder, officials said Saturday.

The bomber, identified as 40-year-old leftist militant Ecevit Sanli, killed himself and a Turkish security guard on Friday, in what U.S. officials said was a terrorist attack. Sanli was armed with enough TNT to blow up a two-story building and also detonated a hand grenade, officials said.

Sanli had fled Turkey after he was released from jail in 2001, but managed to come back to the country "illegally," using a fake ID, Interior Muammer Guler said. It was not clear how long before the attack he returned to Turkey.

Sanli had been a member of the outlawed Revolutionary People's Liberation Party-Front, or DHKP-C, which has claimed responsibility for assassinations and bombings since the 1970s but has been relatively quiet in recent years. Compared to al-Qaida, it has not been seen as a strong terrorist threat.

Sanli's motives were still unclear. But some Turkish government officials have linked the attack to the arrest last month of dozens of suspected members of the group in a nationwide sweep.

Speculation has also abounded that the bombing was related to the perceived support of the U.S. for Turkey's harsh criticism of the regime in Syria, whose brutal civil war has forced tens of thousands of Syrian refugees to seek shelter in Turkey. But Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan has denied that.

Officials said Sanli was arrested in 1997 for alleged involvement in attacks on Istanbul's police headquarters and a military guesthouse and jailed on charges of membership in the group.

While in prison awaiting trial, he took part in a major hunger strike that led to the deaths of dozens of inmates, according to a statement from the Ankara governor's office. The protesters opposed a maximum-security system in which prisoners were held in small cells instead of large wards.

Sanli was diagnosed with Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome and released on probation in 2001, following the introduction of legislation that allowed hunger strikers with the disorder to get appropriate treatment. The syndrome is a malnutrition-related brain illness that affects vision, muscle coordination and memory and that can cause hallucinations.

Sanli fled Turkey after his release and was wanted by Turkish authorities. He was convicted in absentia in 2002.

The U.S. flag at the embassy flew at half-staff on Saturday and already tight security was increased. Police sealed off a street in front of the security checkpoint where the explosion knocked a door off its hinges and littered the road with debris. Police vehicles were parked in streets surrounding the building.

The Ankara governor's office, citing the findings of a bomb squad that inspected the site, said Sanli had used 6 kilograms of TNT for the suicide attack and also detonated a hand grenade. That amount of TNT can demolish "a two-story reinforced building," according to Nihat Ali Ozcan, a terrorism expert at the Ankara-based Economic Policy Research Foundation of Turkey.

Officials had earlier said that the bomber detonated a suicide vest at the checkpoint on the outer perimeter of the compound.

The guard who was killed was standing outside the checkpoint. The U.S. ambassador on Saturday attended his funeral in a town just outside of Ankara.

A Turkish TV journalist was seriously wounded and two other guards had lighter wounds.

DHKP-C's forerunner, Devrimci Sol, or Revolutionary Left, was formed in 1978 as a Marxist group openly opposed to the United States and NATO. It has attacked Turkish, U.S. and other foreign targets since then, including two U.S. military contractors and a U.S. Air Force officer.

The group, designated as a terrorist organization by the United States and other European allies, changed its name to DHKP-C in 1994.

The attack came as NATO deployed six Patriot anti-missile systems to protect ally Turkey from a possible spillover from the civil war raging across the border in Syria. The United States, Netherlands and Germany are each providing two Patriot batteries.

Ozcan, the terrorism expert, said that the Syrian regime, which had backed terrorist groups in Turkey, including autonomy-seeking Kurdish rebels, during the Cold War era and through the 1990s, had recently revived ties with these groups.

As Turkey began to support the Syrian opposition, Syrian President Bashar Assad's regime began to try "rebuilding its ties with these organizations," Ozcan said.

Radikal newspaper reported that the DHKP-C had recently been taking an interest in "regional issues," reviving its anti-American stance and taking on "a more pro-Assad position."

Former U.S. ambassador to Turkey, Ross Wilson, speculated that the masterminds of the embassy bombing may have been partly motivated by U.S.-Turkish policy on Syria.

"A successful attack would embarrass the Turkish government and security forces, and it would have struck at the United States, which is widely ? if wrongly ? thought to have manipulated the Erdogan government into breaking with Bashar al-Assad and supporting efforts to remove him from power," Wilson, director of the Dinu Patriciu Eurasia Center at the Washington-based Atlantic Council, wrote in an analysis.

"That might rekindle public support for the group. Alas for DHPK/C, this seems unlikely," he wrote.

Howard Eissenstat, a Turkey expert at St. Lawrence University in the United States, said the bombing showed that a "relatively isolated and obscure group" still has the capacity to cause havoc.

"They really fall outside of our comfortable narratives," Eissenstat wrote in an email to The Associated Press. "And they do seem to have been left in an ideological time warp. There is something distinctly cult-like about them."

The attack drew quick condemnation from Turkey, the U.S., Britain and other nations, and officials from both Turkey and the U.S. pledged to work together to fight terrorism.

It was the second deadly assault on a U.S. diplomatic post in five months. On Sept. 11, 2012, terrorists attacked a U.S. mission in Benghazi, Libya, killing U.S. Ambassador Chris Stevens and three other Americans. The attackers in Libya were suspected to have ties to Islamist extremists, and one is in custody in Egypt.

U.S. diplomatic facilities in Turkey have been targeted previously by terrorists. In 2008, an attack blamed on al-Qaida-affiliated militants outside the U.S. Consulate in Istanbul left three assailants and three policemen dead.

______

Associated Press writers Ezgi Akin and Burhan Ozbilici and Christopher Torchia in Istanbul contributed to this report.

Associated Press

Source: http://hosted2.ap.org/APDEFAULT/3d281c11a96b4ad082fe88aa0db04305/Article_2013-02-02-Turkey-US-Explosion/id-9da0cef67c064fd0868a50051c62a94c

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Friday, February 1, 2013

Mutant gene gives pigeons fancy hairdos

Friday, February 1, 2013

University of Utah researchers decoded the genetic blueprint of the rock pigeon, unlocking secrets about pigeons' Middle East origins, feral pigeons' kinship with escaped racing birds, and how mutations give pigeons traits like a fancy feather hairdo known as a head crest.

"Birds are a huge part of life on Earth, and we know surprisingly little about their genetics," especially compared with mammals and fish, says Michael D. Shapiro, one of the study's two principal authors and an assistant professor of biology at the University of Utah. "There are more than 10,000 species of birds, yet we know very little about what makes them so diverse genetically and developmentally."

He adds that in the new study, "we've shown a way forward to find the genetic basis of traits ? the molecular mechanisms controlling animal diversity in pigeons. Using this approach, we expect to be able to do this for other traits in pigeons, and it can be applied to other birds and many other animals as well."

The study appears Jan. 31 on Science Express, the website of the journal Science. Shapiro led the research with Jun Wang of China's BGI-Shenzhen (formerly Beijing Genomics Institute) and other scientists from BGI, the University of Utah, Denmark's University of Copenhagen and the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center in Houston.

Key findings of the study of pigeons, which first were domesticated some 5,000 years ago in the Mediterranean region:

  • The researchers sequenced the genome, or genetic blueprint, of the rock pigeon, Columba livia, among the most common and varied bird species on Earth. There are some 350 breeds with different sizes, shapes, colors, color patterns, beaks, bone structure, vocalizations and arrangements of feathers on the feet and head ? including head crests that come in shapes known as hoods, manes, shells and peaks.

The pigeon is among the few bird genomes sequenced so far, along with those of the chicken, turkey, zebra finch and a common parakeet known as a budgerigar or budgie, so "this will give us new insights into bird evolution," Shapiro says.

  • Using innovative software developed by study co-author Mark Yandell, a University of Utah professor of human genetics, the scientists revealed that a single mutation in a gene named EphB2 causes head and neck feathers to grow upward instead of downward, creating head crests.

"This same gene in humans has been implicated as a contributor to Alzheimer's disease as well as prostate cancer and possibly other cancers," Shapiro says, noting that more than 80 of the 350 pigeon breeds have head crests, which play a role in attracting mates in many bird species.

  • The researchers compared the pigeon genome to those of chickens, turkeys and zebra finches. "Despite 100 million years of evolution since these bird species diverged, their genomes are very similar," Shapiro says.
  • The study turned up more conclusive evidence that major pigeon breed groups originated in the Middle East, and that North American feral pigeons ? which are free-living but not wild ? are close relatives of racing pigeons, named racing homers.

A Genome for the Birds, a Gene for Head Crests

The study assembled 1.1 billion base pairs of DNA in the rock pigeon genome, and the researchers believe there are about 1.3 billion total, compared with 3 billion base pairs in the human genome. The rock pigeon's 17,300 genes compare with about 21,000 genes in people.

The researchers first constructed a "reference genome" ? a full genetic blueprint ? from a male of the pigeon breed named the Danish tumbler. They did less complete sequencing of two feral pigeons and 38 other pigeons from 36 breeds.

Shapiro says his team's study is the first to pinpoint a gene mutation responsible for a pigeon trait, in this case, head crests.

"A head crest is a series of feathers on the back of the head and neck that point up instead of down," Shapiro says. "Some are small and pointed. Others look like a shell behind the head; some people think they look like mullets. They can be as extreme as an Elizabethan collar."

The study found strong evidence that the EphB2 (Ephrin receptor B2) gene acts like an on-off switch to create a head crest when mutant, and no head crest when normal. It also showed the mutation and related changes in nearby DNA are shared by all crested pigeons, so the trait evolved just once and was spread to numerous pigeon breeds by breeders. They ruled out the alternate possibility the mutation arose several times independently in different breeds.

The researchers analyzed full or partial genetic sequences for 69 crested birds from 22 breeds, and 95 uncrested birds from 57 breeds. They found a perfect association between the mutant gene and the presence of head crests.

"The way we tracked this trait was innovative," Shapiro says. "We used gene-finding software from Mark Yandell's group that was developed to find mutations that control human diseases. We adapted this software to find mutations that control interesting traits in pigeons. This should be extendable to other animals as well."

The scientists also showed that while the head crest trait becomes apparent in juvenile pigeons, the mutant gene affects pigeon embryos by reversing the direction of feather buds ? from which feathers later grow ? at a molecular level.

Other genetic factors ? not identified in the new study ? determine what kind of head crest east pigeon develops: shell, peak, mane or hood, according to Shapiro.

Tracking the Origins of Pigeons

A 2012 by Shapiro study provided limited evidence of pigeons' origins in the Middle East and some breeds' origins in India, and indicated kinship between common feral or free-living city pigeons and escaped racing pigeons.

In the new study, "we included some different breeds that we didn't include in the last analysis," Shapiro says. "Some of those breeds only left the Middle East in the last few decades. They've probably been there for hundreds if not thousands of years. If we find that other breeds are closely related to them, then we can infer those other breeds probably also came from the Middle East. That's what we did."

"We found that the owl breeds ? which are pigeon breeds with very short beaks and that are very popular with breeders ? likely came from the Middle East," he says. "They are very closely related to breeds we know came from Syria, Lebanon and Egypt."

Shapiro says the study also "found a lot of shared genetic heritage between breeds from Iran and breeds we suspect are from India, consistent with historical records of trade routes between those regions. People were not only trading goods along those routes, but probably also interbreeding their pigeons."

As for the idea that free-living pigeons descended from escaped racing pigeons, Shapiro says his 2012 study was based on "relatively few genetic markers scattered throughout the genome. We now have stronger evidence based on 1.5 million markers, confirming the previous result with much better data."

The scientists analyzed partial genomes of two feral pigeons: one from a U.S. Interstate-15 overpass in the Salt Lake Valley, and the other from Lake Anna in Virginia.

"Despite being separated by 1,000 miles, they are genetically very similar to each other and to the racing homer breed," Shapiro says.

He notes that pigeons were one of evolutionist Charles Darwin's "favorite examples of how selection works. He used this striking example of artificial selection [by breeding] to communicate how natural selection works. Now we can get to the DNA-level changes that are responsible for some of the diversity that intrigued Darwin 150 years ago."

###

University of Utah: http://www.unews.utah.edu/

Thanks to University of Utah for this article.

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Source: http://www.labspaces.net/126581/Mutant_gene_gives_pigeons_fancy_hairdos

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